Kiev or Kyiv is one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, dating back to the 5th century, although settlements at this location existed much earlier. By the late 9th century, Kyiv had become the de facto capital of an emerging Eastern Slavic state. Between the 10th and early 13th centuries, the city reached its golden age as the capital of the first Ukrainian state known today as Kyivan Rus. In the middle of the 13th century, Kyivan Rus was overrun by the Mongols. Later that century it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1569 the city was absorbed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in 1654 it was liberated from that Commonwealth by the Cossack, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, who then promptly signed the city over to Russia. Kiev was under Russian or Soviet rule until 1991 when the fall of the Soviet Union allowed Kiev to once again be a grand European capital. Popular attractions in Kiev are the Chernobyl Museum, Khreshchatyk Street, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia’s Cathedral and St. Michael’s golden-domed Monastery, among many others.